Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is one of the common endocrine disorders among women of reproductive age with a prevalence of approximately 5–-10% worldwide. PCOS is a common reproductive disorder characterized by arrested follicular development prior to selection of a dominant follicle. Our aim is to explore the available literature on PCOS and associated genes to study the effect of differential regulation of genes and the role of miRNAs in PCOS condition. In this paper, we have presented comprehensive information on the association between PCOS and candidate genes based on the literature survey. We have evaluated the association at various levels, including genes that are upregulated and downregulated in PCOS and the associated effects of dysregulation of genes in PCOS. The detailed literature study revealed the association of differential expression of genes and its critical effect in PCOS, including endometrial receptivity, implantation failure, early pregnancy loss, pre-term birth, insulin resistance, and hyperandrogenim.